Oral Presentation Society for Freshwater Science 2026 Annual Meeting

Beyond the daily average: Why high temporal resolution streamflow data matters in urban watersheds (135429)

Kristina Hopkins 1 , Malia Scott 1 , Kristin Jaeger 1
  1. U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA, USA

Daily mean streamflow measurements are widely used to compute streamflow metrics due to the viability and completeness of daily streamflow data. In small, urban watersheds with flashy streamflow, characterizing hydrological dynamics may necessitate the use of hourly, 15-minute, or even 5-minute streamflow data. This presentation will explore differences between streamflow metrics calculated from daily mean streamflow compared to those calculated from 15-minute data and highlight considerations for selecting the temporal resolution for hydrologic analyses. We analyzed data from twelve small watersheds (<50 square kilometers) located in the Puget Sound Lowlands within western Washington, including metropolitan Seattle. Streamflow metrics were calculated at 12 sites from streamflow data collected by the King County Hydrologic Monitoring Program for water years 2021 through 2024. Selected watersheds spanned a gradient of urban development from 9% to 44% impervious cover. We tested different approaches to define the start and end of flow events from both the daily mean and 15-minute streamflow time series, then compared the resultant statistics that describe flow frequency, magnitude, duration, timing, and rate of change. When possible, metrics were normalized based on drainage area and precipitation amount obtained from three King County Hydrologic Monitoring Program stations. Lastly, we compared the predictive power of common urban land cover metrics to explain variability among daily and sub-daily streamflow metrics. Urban land cover metrics included impervious cover at high resolution (1-meter), impervious cover at low resolution (30-meter), road density, population density, and housing density. Evaluating the sensitivity of streamflow metric values to data resolution can inform monitoring strategies by identifying the metrics and watershed conditions where high-frequency data provide advantages over daily mean streamflow.