Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent contaminants of increasing concern for environmental and human health, yet state-level data remain sparse for many regions of the United States. This study presents a statewide survey of PFAS occurrence in South Dakota (SD) and a few nearby locations based on analysis of samples collected (431 samples) and compiled through 2023, with emphasis on environmental matrices relevant to agriculture and human exposure, including surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and soil. Samples were analyzed for up to 30 PFAS compounds using LC-MS/MS. Overall, non-detects dominated the dataset; however, detection frequency was strongly influenced by the number of PFAS compounds analyzed per sample. Among samples in which six or fewer PFAS were assessed (n = 284), only 1.7% exhibited detectable PFAS concentrations. In contrast, samples analyzed for 19 or more PFAS compounds (n = 147, all from South Dakota) showed detections in 53.7% of cases. Detected PFAS were associated with localized point and land-use related sources. Elevated PFAS concentrations in surface waters were consistently observed downstream of wastewater treatment plant effluent, although concentrations generally remained below 10 ng/L. Groundwater contamination was rare and confined almost exclusively the vicinity of a fire training area with historic use of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) and the surrounding area, where all groundwater samples within 3 km of the fire training area contained detectable PFAS. In contrast, groundwater samples outside this region were uniformly non-detected. Soil contamination reflected multiple contributing pathways, including irrigation with contaminated groundwater, historical biosolids application, intensive fertilizer and pesticide use, and areas of heavy vehicle activity. Several soils without biosolids application exceeded 200 ng/kg PFAS, while sites with extensive biosolids use or groundwater irrigation exceeded 1,000 ng/kg. PFOS and PFHxS were the most frequently detected compounds, followed by PFHxA, PFOA, PFBS, and PFBA. PFAS concentrations in soils and waters from high-elevation and remote areas were uniformly non-detect, suggesting negligible atmospheric deposition. Results from this study establish a baseline PFAS dataset for SD and provide critical evidence to support targeted monitoring, source control, and risk-informed management strategies for protecting agricultural systems and rural water resources.