Water stored as snow and ice in mountain ecosystems is changing globally due to rising air temperatures. Glaciers and perennial snowfields are receding, and seasonal snowpack is declining; however, far less is known about the trajectory of cold rocky landforms such as rock glaciers. Rock glaciers are large masses of debris-covered ice that flow downhill and are predicted to persist longer than ice located on the surface. In 2015, we formed the Teton Alpine Stream Research project to measure the degree to which climate change is altering alpine biodiversity in streams fed by each of the dominant alpine water sources in the middle Rocky Mountains (USA): glaciers, rock glaciers, and perennial snow. Each August, we collect a suite of abiotic (e.g., temperature) and biotic (e.g., macroinvertebrate community structure, algae) data in 12 alpine streams in the Teton Range, Wyoming. Our first 11 years of monitoring showed that summer stream temperatures have increased in snowmelt-fed streams. Algal biomass, and invertebrate densities and biomass were highest in rock glacier-fed streams (p < 0.05). The federally protected stonefly, Zapada glacier, primarily lives in rock glacier-fed streams, as do several other cold stenotherms. Our results highlight the power of long-term monitoring for quantifying changes in mountain ecosystems and the potential for rock glaciers to act as key climate refugia into the future.